The Rise of HTS: Overthrowing a Regime and Uniting Rebel Forces in Syria
The Levant Liberation Organization, known as HTS, emerged from Al Qaeda's subsidiary in Syria with a mission to unify and coordinate diverse insurgent factions against the regime of Bashar Al Asad. In a notable transformation, HTS not only faced the challenge of leading a fragmented rebel landscape but also innovated militarily by creating a specialized drone unit, instilling fear and uncertainty among Israeli troops in the Golan Heights as they expanded their reach.
According to Abu Hassan Al Hamwi, military chief of HTS, the strategic planning for the military assault that culminated in the overthrow of the Asad regime began a year prior. His insights reveal a meticulous approach where close coordination between disparate opposition groups allowed for effective communication from northwestern Syria to rebel factions in the south, laying the groundwork for a dual-front siege on Damascus.
The operation, termed "Deterrence of Aggression," was a response to years of oppressive rule under the Asad family, which maintained control over Syria for over five decades. Al Hamwi shared his first interview with foreign media following the regime's downfall, highlighting the need for rebel unity. "After suffering significant territorial losses in 2019, it became evident that we required a unique leadership and centralized command for our efforts," he remarked, signifying the pivotal moments that led to the insurgent victory.
As the campaign progressed, HTS attracted various armed factions retreating to the Idlib province, forging a dominant authority over northern Syria. They implemented order within a chaotic battlefield, confronting groups like Hurras al Din that clashed ideologically with their more pragmatic Islamic approach. This consolidation of power enabled HTS to focus on training and military doctrine development to mold their troops into a disciplined force.
Through strategic insights and in-depth studies of enemy tactics, HTS developed specific military units and organic security forces, bolstering their operational effectiveness. The production of indigenous weapons became essential, resulting in creative solutions to counter an Asad regime that was bolstered by Russian and Iranian military support.
Central to their military innovation was the establishment of a drone unit composed of engineers, chemists, and mechanics, aimed at countering the regime’s aerial advantages. This led to the deployment of the "Shahin" drone, a name meaning falcon in Arabic, symbolizing precision and power. The drone made its debut in December, successfully targeting regime artillery, transforming military tactics in the ongoing conflict.
HTS also established communication with southern armed factions, facilitating the formation of a joint operations room comprised of approximately 25 rebel groups. This collaboration aimed to approach Damascus from both north and south, aiming to unify under a singular effort against a beleaguered regime.
As November 2023 approached, HTS recognized an opportune moment to strike. Amidst growing concerns that regional powers were re-establishing relations with the Asad regime, HTS saw a chance as international support for the regime wavered, particularly with Russia preoccupied by its conflicts in Ukraine and Iranian ground forces retreating from their battles with Israeli forces.
The operation commenced on November 29, culminating in the swift capture of Aleppo, a strategic stronghold. Al Hamwi and his insurgents executed their plans with remarkable speed, witnessing the rapid fall of Aleppo and subsequently, Hama and Homs. The momentum was evident, drawing additional rebel forces to join in the unfolding revolution.
Even as the euphoria of victory began to spread, challenges loomed ahead. With Al Asad's escape from the country on December 8 marking a historic turning point, Al Hamwi voiced concerns about the transition to post-regime governance. "Building a new country is no simple task," he acknowledged, emphasizing the need for inclusivity towards all Syrian citizens, including religious minorities concerned about potential Islamist impositions.
His assurances highlighted a vision for a united Syria free from the divisions sown under the Asad regime, cultivating a sense of nationhood and equal rights for all groups. As the dust settles on the shaken landscape of Syria, HTS emerges as a crucial player in shaping the future of a nation poised to redefine itself in the wake of decades of strife.
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